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It is well known that free living protozoa may affect bacterial populations in multiple ways.
In this study, we present evidence that the manipulation of fine-scale flow heterogeneity may affect bacterial biodiversity in benthic biofilms and their resource use.
Since protozoa isolated from wastewater failed to eliminate EcO157 (Figures 4 and 5), we suspect other components of wastewater may be responsible for decreases, such as lytic phages [46], bdellovibrios [47], [48] and inhibitory chemicals [23], emphasizing the complex microbial ecology that may affect bacterial pathogens in the environment and food production systems.
Our findings raised the question of how these selected metabolic and genotypic changes may affect bacterial adaptation during re-infection.
Surface properties such as surface roughness, surface free energy, and hydrophobicity may affect bacterial attachment and are reviewed by Goulter et al. [ 24].
In particular, seabird-specific immune factors (i.e. bacteriolytic or inhibitory factors) or the seabird blood itself may affect bacterial fitness in the vector.
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Additionally, soil pH may indirectly affect bacterial community structure by responding to other variables and may provide an integrated index of soil conditions (Lauber et al. 2009).
In laboratory experiments, pH was measured using narrow range non-bleeding pH indicator strips (pH 6.5 10) from EM Science in order to avoid KCl contamination that may deleteriously affect bacterial growth.
Although the capsule promotes bacterial survival by resisting the environmental and host factors discussed above, it may adversely affect bacterial ability to colonize as it can sterically hinder the surface-expressed adhesins and thus prevent more intimate cellular interactions.
Therefore, we speculate that the product of BCAM2837 is part of a complex signal transduction cascade required for bacteria to move away from the phagocytic cell, which may also affect bacterial escape from dying macrophages.
At this juncture, we cannot rule out the possibility that UE-12 extract may also affect bacterial virulence as the plant extract contains numerous active constituents (Yam et al., 2012).
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