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It had been previously observed that induced expression of the β-cell transcriptional factor of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene1 (PDX1), in human hepatocytes, may activate multiple features of the β-cell phenotype.
Thus, systemic administration of amphetamine may activate multiple behavior facilitation systems, which may interfere with each other or operate independently.
Such an observation is confounded by the fact that AlF4− may activate multiple G proteins simultaneously.
Thus, compounds or combinations of compounds that may activate multiple apoptotic pathways, such as PACs, may provide new and more effective treatment regimens for patients with oral cancer.
These findings support the possibility that a single odorant may activate multiple transduction pathways since previous studies showed that Gq is needed for optimal responses to isoamyl acetate, ethyl acetate and butanol [ 3, 21].
In another study, 15d-PGJ2 washownwn to activate Nrf2, as well as PPARγ (49), demonstrating that such chemicals may activate multiple nuclear receptors in the liver, adding to the complexity of their effects.
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A single activated receptor may then activate multiple downstream molecules, resulting in the signal amplification of a zymogen cascade.
Although the primary function of the UPR is to protect cells against ER stress, prolonged or unalleviated ER stress may eventually activate multiple apoptotic pathways resulting in cell death [ 11].
Thus, effective vaccines may need to activate multiple innate immune components.
Since live bacteria can activate multiple PRRs, they may induce a more significant inflammatory response than their components.
However crude plant extracts may be more effective anticancer agents, as they have been found to activate multiple apoptotic pathways to combat malignant cells.
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