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The transient knockdown of the PhaNPR1 suggested that PhaNPR1 may act upstream of PhaPR1 though defense against CymMV may not require its action.
Collectively, our data suggest that the ROS may act upstream to activate AP-1/c-Jun, which in turn can induce Tgfβ promoter and gene expression in the Ikkβ-null cells.
Propofol may act upstream of NF-κB [13], [14], [16], an important transcription factor regulating iNOS and TNF-α production.
BMF is a target for phosphorylation by JNK, thus MAP3K1 may act upstream of JNK signaling during uterovaginal tissue morphogenesis.
Alternatively, Vang may act upstream of Dsh, with Dsh restricting the extent of the proposed centrosome-attracting activity in a manner that does not involve Vang.
Nonetheless, survivin may act upstream of gene expression and directly influence the transcription of pivotal growth-related gene(s) in vascular cells.
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However, IFN-γ is a major inducer of IL-12Rβ2 expression, a key component in IL-12 signaling [8], raising the possibility that IFN-γ or another, unidentified IL-12Rβ2-inducing factor may also act upstream of IL-12.
The role of endogenous ceramide in apoptosis remains unclear: these mediators may actually act upstream or downstream of caspases in different tumor models [ 53, 54].
Mammalian target of rapamycin C2 may also act upstream of mTORC1 by inducing the phosphorylation of AKT on serine 473, a mechanism that is thought to participate in cell survival and may account in resistance to rapalogues.
There are many reports suggesting that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis may also act upstream of the hormonal signalling cascades by regulating hormone biosynthesis, transport and perception and it is well established that hormonal cross-talk can occur at the level of proteolysis.
Furthermore, genetic data from Château et al. also suggest that CeKL may act both upstream and downstream the IIRc DAF-2.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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