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Direct child exposure to phthalates in the postnatal period may be independently associated with behavioral symptoms or may act cumulatively with prenatal exposure to increase risk.
While a single causal agent can be identified in cases in which humans have had occupational exposures, wildlife showing signs of reproductive damage have usually been exposed to a combination of endocrine disruptors that may act cumulatively.
The E-screen test also revealed that estrogenic chemicals may act cumulatively; when mixed together they induce estrogenic responses at concentrations lower than those required when each compound is administered alone.
As different carotenoids tend to be, for the most part, present together in various food sources, and as carotenoids may act cumulatively together (Liu, 2004), it was decided to create a variable representing the total sum of the concentration of the seven individual carotenoids analysed, expressed in terms of both weight (μg dl−1) and molar equivalents (μmol l−1).
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On this basis, histone acetylation has also been proposed to act cumulatively, with the number rather than exact position of the targeted residues accounting for downstream effects [11].
SCALEs employs multiple-sized libraries that can act cumulatively to give distinct contours to plotted signal intensity across genomic position that can be used to reveal genes or genomic regions that were enriched during a selection (Figure 3).
Thus, for genetic variants to significantly affect disease severity or incidence, they must act cumulatively.
First, selective pressures act cumulatively, as explained by Montalvo and Ellstrand (2000).
The alternative shaving cream contained 5 different phthalates, illustrating the potential for simultaneous exposures to multiple phthalates, which act cumulatively on endocrine targets (National Research Council 2008).
It sheds light on the multiple mechanisms underlying this effect, notably improved anti-proliferative and pro-apopotic activity, as well as significant perturbation of angiogenesis, events that act cumulatively to limit cell recovery after irradiation and significantly delay tumour regrowth.
Because both increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation contribute to the tumor-protective effects of daf-2 mutations [ 23], together there downstream genes are likely to act in a cumulative fashion to influence tumor growth, much as downstream targets of daf-16 appear to act cumulatively to influence lifespan [ 24].
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