Bipolar plate layout, active area surface and shape, maximum (OCV) and minimum voltage, maximum cooling circuit pressure drop, maximum cathodic flow-field pressure drop, were the main constraint that influenced the constructive solutions.
The performance test is focused on characteristics of voltage gains, including maximum voltage gains and maximum-gain frequencies, for each piezoelectric transformer under different load conditions.
The solar cell performance parameters of open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), maximum voltage (VM), maximum current (IM), series resistance (RS), shunt resistance (RSH), fill factor (FF), and the energy conversion efficiency (Eff).
The thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector include solar cell temperature, back surface temperature, outlet air temperature, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, etc.
The measuring head consists of a Rh-target microfocus X-ray tube (30 W, 50 kV maximum voltage, 0.6 mA maximum current), and a 30 mm2 X-Flash silicon drift detector (energy resolution <145 eV at Mn-K∝).
An X-ray source with a maximum voltage of 80 kV and maximum current of 1 mA was selected for both good penetration and low radiation dose.
The instrument consists of a measuring head with a Rhodium-target microfocus X-ray tube (30 W, maximum voltage 50 kV, maximum current 0.6 mA), and a 30 mm2 XFlash silicon drift detector (SDD) with beryllium window (energy resolution <145 eV at Mn Ka).
Mounted on the measuring head are a Rh-target X-ray tube (30 W, maximum voltage 50 kV, maximum current 0.6 mA) and a 30 mm2 XFlash silicon drift detector (energy resolution <145 eV at Mn K(_{a})) together with two magnifying optical cameras to document the mapped area.
The M6 Jetstream consists of a 30 W Rh-target microfocus X-ray tube with a maximum voltage of 50 kV, a maximum current of 0.6 mA, a polycapillary lens, and a 30 mm2 X-Flash silicon drift detector that is moved over the surface of the painting by means of an X, Y-motorized stage, enabling a scan area of 80 × 60 cm2 [13].
