Table 1 Summary of the anthropomorphic thyroid phantom parameters Outer shell thickness (mm) Internal lobe dimensions (mm) Internal isthmus dimensions (mm) Vertical length Maximum width Maximum depth Vertical length Maximum width Maximum depth 3 42 17.5 10 12 15 5. Once the size had been determined, the structure was manufactured using 3D printing facility (Fig. 2).
The maximum vertical impact force nonlinearly increases with the flat length, and the influence of flat length on the maximum vertical impact force seems to be significant within the speed range from 150 to 250 km/h.
The oleo-pneumatic mechanism is conceived with the aim of maximizing the oleo-pneumatic efficiency, since it is critically depending on the maximum vertical load factor and on the strut length, whereas the structure is generally sized by combining the design vertical loads with the maximum expected horizontal loads.
The maximum vertical impact forces versus axle load with different flat lengths are plotted in Fig. 12b.
The non-monotonic relationships between the maximum vertical impact force and train speed for all flat lengths are clearly presented, and the peak values of maximum vertical impact forces occur at train speed of 150 km/h for the flat length less than or equal to 60 mm, while the peak value induced by the wheel flat occurs at the train speed of 200 km/h for the 80-mm flat spot.
It is obvious that the maximum vertical impact force induced by wheel flat increases with the flat length, and the peak value of the maximum vertical impact force is 400 kN for the flat length of 80 mm.
It is shown that a linear increase relationship between the maximum vertical impact force and axle load is found for each flat length case.
At the fixed total chimney length, the air mass flow rate also varied with the length ratio of the vertical to inclined section, and the maximum mass flow rate can be achieved by choosing the longest vertical length within the restriction of the building code.
Figure 9b illustrates the maximum vertical wheel rail impact forces at different train speeds as a function of the flat length.
The major axis of the ellipse corresponds to either the length (i.e., the maximum horizontal span) or height (i.e., the maximum vertical span) of c, whichever is greater; the lesser becomes the minor axis.
