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b Maximum vertical impact force.
b Maximum vertical impact force as a function of train speed.
It is obvious that the maximum vertical impact force induced by wheel flat increases with the flat length, and the peak value of the maximum vertical impact force is 400 kN for the flat length of 80 mm.
The maximum vertical impact force nonlinearly increases with the flat length, and the influence of flat length on the maximum vertical impact force seems to be significant within the speed range from 150 to 250 km/h.
The maximum vertical impact forces versus axle load with different flat lengths are plotted in Fig. 12b.
It is shown that a linear increase relationship between the maximum vertical impact force and axle load is found for each flat length case.
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Figure 9b illustrates the maximum vertical wheel rail impact forces at different train speeds as a function of the flat length.
The maximum vertical wheel rail impact forces induced by a wheel flat are plotted in Fig. 6b, which is a function of the train speed.
The results show that the maximum vertical wheel-rail impact force induced by the wheel flat is higher than that generated by the perfect wheel, and these two dynamic impact forces are much greater than the static axle load.
When it was built, in 1931, the bridge had a maximum vertical clearance of a hundred and fifty-one feet.
c The maximum vertical acceleration.
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