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As compared to a reported dry abrasive wear test showing that specific wear rate of HVOF WC-Co coatings at a spray angle of 30° was nearly doubled to that of 90° within 10− 4–10− 5 mm3/Nm, our water-lubricated wear test shows a comparably low specific wear rate below 10− 7 mm3/Nm with about 30% maximum variation for WC-10Ni coatings off-angle sprayed with respect to that of normal spray angle.
Purposeful sampling was conducted to ensure maximum variation, for example those who seemed outspoken or quieter; those who showed variation in appearance/dress; or those that came from different parts of the village.
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contortum COI sequences showed 14 distinct haplotypes (Fig. 8; Table 1; maximum variation of 3%% for posterior probability values within the phylogenetic analysis).
a The resistivity reduction ratio for horizontal fractures, b the maximum variation of azimuthal resistivity for vertical fractures, c the resistivity reduction ratio for 45° fractures, d the maximum variation of azimuthal resistivity for 45° fractures.
To allow for maximum variation of perceptions within a sample size suitable for FGDs, we recruited participants from different ages and social groups.
All other bonds are much less affected by the modulation, with a maximum variation of 0.06 Å for C3 O1 in H2ca and of 0.019 Å for C14 C15 in Phz (see the supporting information).
In the proposed sensor, the resonance frequency demonstrated a maximum variation of 5.7% for water to rag layer interface.
The results showed that the maximum variation of the OBC for all cases is 0.25% and the OBC of warm mix asphalt compacted at high temperature is slightly higher than the OBC of warm mix asphalt compacted at lower temperature.
26 In addition, a heterogeneity sampling will be considered for maximum variation of views and experiences, until reaching thematic saturation.
We sampled for maximum variation of ideas and perceptions (i.e. heterogeneity sampling, a subcategory of purposive sampling), with the aim of recruiting sufficient numbers to allow thematic saturation to be reached (Silverman 2001, pp. 250 254).
The maximum variation of the experimental results for each response was determined and analysed based on the optimized results predicted by Taguchi method and ANOVA.
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