The time-dependent elastic behavior is modeled by a quasilinear viscoelastic model to describe the sigmoidal shape stress-strain relationship for both Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia spider silk in spite of the difference in maximum stress and strain levels.
We also find that hollow particles experience lower stresses than solid ones, but our results suggest that there is not a significant difference in maximum stress magnitudes for spherical and cylindrical particles.
Finally, the same genetic algorithm was adopted to optimize the combination of lifting height difference, the maximum stress of lifting zone will be reduced obviously by using the computed results.
Three failure criteria for composite materials (Maximum Stress, Tsai Hill and Hashin) are presented, implemented and their differences discussed.
Compared with the tested peak stress and simulated maximum stress of A-type frame under full loadings, the difference is acceptable so that the accuracy of finite element model of A-type frame is guaranteed.
As shown in Fig. 2, no significant differences in both Young's modulus and maximum stress were observed among A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes.
Structural optimizations (both cell parameters and atomic positions) pursued until the energy difference, maximum atomic force, maximum atomic displacement, and maximum stress tensor component fell below tolerances of 1 × 10 6 eV, 1 × 10 3 eV·Å–1, 1 × 10 3 Å, and 5 × 10 3 GPa, respectively.
The reduced stress tensor has four parameters of the six needed to define the full stress tensor: the principal stress axes σ 1 (maximum), σ 2 (intermediate) and σ 3 (minimum) and the ratio of principal stress differences, R = (σ 2 − σ 3)/(σ 1 − σ 1).
For the tensile damage mode, it rarely find big difference for simulation accuracy by proposed criteria, except the maximum stress criterion because the maximum stress criterion only defines the single failure without interaction modelled.
In the tensile test, statistical difference was not observed in Young's modulus, strain at break, or maximum stress between A-PRF and CGF.
