The optimal lamination arrangement of the composite torque wrench for maximum stiffness is studied via a multi-start global optimization technique.
Accordingly, by using ply thickness, fiber orientation angle and fiber volume fraction in a laminated plate of least ply groups as design variables, the optimal lamination parameters for maximum stiffness is obtained.
The maximum stiffness was 146 N/mm, which was close to the highest level that could be well controlled.
In the present study, we found that maximum load and stiffness were reduced in the OVX+MP group (Table 4), indicating that induction by OVX and MP for 10 weeks could reduce bone strength.
They reported that the maximum initial stiffness was related to the X-braced frame specimen, while the maximum ductility was provided by steel plate shear wall.
Test results of the four control heated specimens indicate that the maximum axial resistance and stiffness were reduced by 14.4 and 17.4%, respectively as the exposure duration increased from 2 to 3 h.
In addition, the optimum by maximum stiffness criterion is also obtained to show that current objective function is appropriate for the design of composite wing.
The kind of failure changed in some cases when passing from unconditioned to conditioned specimens; the bond strength, the maximum bond stress and the interface stiffness were affected by the treatment, manly depending on the adhesive resin deterioration.
In the present study, the maximum stress, modulus of elasticity and stiffness were higher in tendons of trained and treated rats, which also exhibited higher hydroxyproline content and increased cross-sectional area.
The biomechanical results revealed that the energy to maximum load, energy to fracture load, and bending stiffness were decreased significantly.
