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Most streamlines from the fuel supply to the surroundings exhibit nearly the same maximum soot volume fraction and maximum temperature.
Maximum soot volume fraction produced by the m-xylene fuel is approximately three times that of the paraffin fuels.
It is based on measurements of the maximum soot volume fraction, experimentally observed in all premixed hydrocarbon-air laminar flames, and depends on the fuel composition.
The heptanes increased the maximum soot volume fraction in the order trimethylbutane > dimethypentanes > n-heptane, which is also the order of increasing number of branches.
This is argued to be a relatively stronger pressure dependence of maximum soot volume fraction as compared to other gaseous fuels.
The flames of the paraffin fuels are non-smoking and have similar spatial distributions of aromatic species and soot as well as maximum soot volume fractions.
Similar(42)
Maximum local soot volume fraction of ethylene flames seems to scale with pressure raised to the third power (about 2.8).
Maximum mean soot volume fraction and spherule diameter were about 1 ppm and 28 nm, respectively, both peaking at similar axial locations.
The maximum centerline soot volume fraction in the flames decreased strongly and monotonically as air was added to the fuel, with a reduction of one half from the non-premixed flame to a flame with a primary equivalence ratio of 15.
The mean soot volume fraction reached a maximum of 1.1 ppm at a height lower than the peak axial location of the spherule size, while the particle number density varied in the range of 1010 1011 particles/cm3 with a similar trend.
As the O2 mole fraction increased in either N2 or CO2 background gases, soot volume fractions increased to a maximum and then decreased, temperatures increased monotonically and flame sizes decreased.
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