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Figure 19 illustrates the change in maximum soil surface displacements along with the change in soil suction that occurred within the active soil zone.
Straw mulching significantly influenced the soil thermal regime, as it suppressed the maximum soil surface temperature by 11 °C and the average daily temperature by about 4 °C during the critical summer period.
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Figure 34 relates the maximum upward movement of model pile groups to the maximum heave of soil surface (Spmax/Ssmax), plotted against the parameter (De2/H * L) for the specified tested soil taking into account the effect of pile spacing, pile lengths and diameters and the thickness of the expansive soil layer for helical piles with single and double helix plates.
Hydrocarbon concentration averaged 124 ± 118 mg kg− 1 dry sediment (n = 78 samples) with peaks at depths of 8, 14, and 20 m below the soil surface (maximum concentration: 606 mg kg− 1).
Higher average, maximum, minimum and amplitude of soil surface temperature were observed in NTC and NT treatments.
KD for Pb ranged from <0.002 closer to the soil surface to maximum of 33.30 below 0.5 m which occurred in samples closer to the waste disposal site, showing an increasing trend with depth in Pb concentration.
Harvesting started by cutting individual plant specimens at the soil surface, measuring maximum plant length and counting number of tillers on three individuals of the grass A. elatius, the forb P. vulgaris and the legume T. pratense mesocosm-1.
The maximum soil pollution was in the surface drip and furrow irrigation with treated municipal wastewater.
The maximum germination was observed at the soil surface, and emergence inhibited completely from the seeds buried at the 5-cm depth.
The largest wind erosion event occurred in early September 2010 and produced 1495 kg m−1 of horizontal sediment transport within the first 2 m above the soil surface, had a maximum PM10 vertical flux of 100 mg m−2 s−1, and generated a large dust plume that was visible in satellite imagery.
The least maximum cone equivalent stress and least maximum soil equivalent stress were recorded for biomimetic surfaces with concave dimples and wavy form-2 respectively.
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