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Signal levels were assessed by examining the maximum signal generated within each tube (tube lumen positions determined by ultrasound images) and the average absolute signal within a 5 by 7 pixel area (0.25 mm laterally by 0.11 mm depth).
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These investigators used a worst case scenario in their study design, simulating electromagnetic (EM) fields at the maximum signal strength generated by mobile phones and intentionally targeting poorly shielded locations on the tested medical devices.
Experimental measurements verify that the maximum amplitude of the ultrasonic signal generated by the new design of EMAT working under a pulse-echo configuration has been enhanced by 90%, when compared to conventional designs.
A custom-built spectrometer with a spectral resolution of 0.049 nm and a maximum line rate of 53 kHz (Aviiva sensor model UM2) detects an interference signal generated by light from the sample mixed with that from the reference arm.
A comparison of the maximum fluorescence (ΔF/Fo max) at +90 mV (Fig. 6B) shows that the signal generated by fs-α1S was significantly smaller than that generated by the control construct (wt-α1S vs. fs-α1S t-test significance p = 0.014) and smaller than that generated by the two coexpressed fragments (fs-α1S vs. fs-α1SM701 fs-α1SM70100 t-test sIgnificance p = 0.013).
Also, a second signal generating source is not needed.
We then repeated these weekly analyses with a temporal window of maximum 7 weeks and also with a spatial window of maximum 25 km radius, to assess the impact of these parameters on the number of signals generated.
Finally, we can find the number of cells to provide unity SNR by dividing by the SNR – calculated using the average signal in a 5x7 (lateral by axial) area around the maximum divided by the standard deviation of the noise calculated using a 20x20 area below any signals generated by the tubes.
Whereas microarray hybridization probes generate maximum signal with multiple deletions, aptamer sequences with the same deletion rate result in a 3-fold binding signal reduction compared with the same sequences synthesized for maximized sequence fidelity.
The first generation SELDI-TOF MS instruments (PBS-II and PBS-IIc) generate spectra with a fixed maximum signal, which is set to 100.
The parameter α indicates the maximum signal level.
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