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2067 captured individuals were measured for maximum shell diameter.
Measured shell strength (in MPa) was further normalised by dividing by the maximum shell diameter of each individual barnacle.
Salinity had a small but statistically significant effect on the size of barnacles (maximum shell diameter, as described by parameter a in the growth model; Figure 2) from all three tested populations (F = 3.362, P = 0.0497; Additional file 1: Table S3 and Figure 3a).
The second model was the Gompertz growth equation [ 54]: (2) Y t = a e b e ct where Y t) is the shell diameter at time t, a is the maximum shell diameter (asymptote), b is the lag phase or early growth phase and c is the maximum growth rate (how quickly the individual reaches the asymptote; note b and c are negative numbers).
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Each individual was photographed and maximum shell length (diameter) and aperture width at the ocular sinus were measured using vernier calipers accurate to 0.1 mm.
Selected decision variables include tube diameter, central baffles spacing and shell diameter.
The smallest Nautilus captured had a shell diameter of 76 mm; we could not reliably determine sex for individuals <115 mm diameter (i.e., immature or juvenile).
Both body size (shell diameter × shell diameter × shell height) and epiphallus length were log (natural) transformed prior to the linear model analyses.
The umbilical width index (UWI) is the ratio between the umbilicus and the shell diameter and thus approximates the amount of shell coiling (degree of involution).
In practice, we can obtain the basic parameters from the prosthesis venders, i.e. shell diameter, shell thickness to generate simulated radiographs.
To evaluate body size, the shell diameter and height of all snails were measured using a vernier caliper.
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