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Surface roughness is characterized by parameters including the root-mean-square roughness, the maximum roughness depth, and the mean spacing of the local peaks of the profile [20].
The sand roughness considers a uniform surface structure while the surfaces may have irregular roughness which considers maximum roughness depth k smax (Gulich 2010; Tuzson 2000) in actual scenario.
The specifications for the implants in this study were, according to the -manufacturer, a mean surface roughness of 41 µ and a maximum roughness depth of 445 µ.
The specifications for the implants in this study were according to the manufacturer: 50-micron thick HA coating (Ca/P ratio: 1.67), a mean surface roughness of 41 microns, a maximum roughness depth of 445 microns, and 62% crystallinity.
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Two roughness parameters, namely average roughness (Ra) and maximum roughness (maximum height of profile, Rz) were used to evaluate surface roughness of the specimens.
The best roughness parameters for identifying the crack propagation mode are average roughness, mean roughness depth and mean height profile peak (Ra, Rz and Rpm).
Higher cation concentration produced gels a with higher quadratic mean of the surface roughness and maximum roughness height.
Higher cation concentration produced gels with a higher quadratic mean of the surface roughness and maximum roughness height.
There is a linear correlation between the quadratic mean of the surface roughness and the maximum roughness height (R = 0.98) (Fig. 3).
This is not so obvious for the surface optical profilometer images, but calculation of surface roughness parameters reveals that higher concentration of cations produced gels with a higher quadratic mean of the surface roughness and maximum roughness height (Table 3).
The time for each bacterium to complete the change (smooth to corrugated) was more consistent; 50% of the maximum roughness increase occurred within 52 ± 16 s after the onset of roughness change.
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