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Fig. 6 Distribution of calculated maximum root reinforcement (kN/m) for the measured (points) and modelled (dashed lines) root distribution of the PN dataset.

The importance of fine-root density in determining the magnitude of root bundle tensile strength is shown in Fig. 5 in comparison to the results of Fig. 2b, where the maximum root reinforcement for a tree with 0.3 m DBH is expected at about 1.9 m, exactly at the distance where the maximum intensity of fine-root density is reached.

Fig. 5 Maximum root reinforcement as a function of distance from tree stem for stems of different diameters (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 m DBH) calculated with the RBMw calibrated with the two datasets a = Gisborne (G), b = Palmerston North (PN).

Root distribution is an important factor in determining root reinforcement behaviour (maximal pullout forces and stiffness), as well as the mechanical and geometrical properties of roots (Schwarz et al. 2010a; Cohen et al. 2011).

The spatial distribution of root reinforcement is characterised in terms of maximum tensile force of the root bundle crossing 1 m of landslide scarp.

For each modelled root distribution, the force-displacement behaviour of the root bundle was calculated under tension, and the maximum value of force was used to characterise the lateral root reinforcement.

Seasonal changes in fine-root frequency may also be an important factor influencing lateral root reinforcement.

In order to compare the efficiency of the lateral root reinforcement versus the basal root reinforcement (Schwarz et al. 2014), 10%% of the lateral root reinforcement was considered in the calculations acting on the landslide slip surface.

The soil is at its weakest shear strength when the net root reinforcement is at its lowest point (smallest sum of reinforcement by decaying tree roots and reinforcement by roots of regrowing trees).

Calculated root reinforcement using measured and modelled root distribution of the PN datasets were compared in order to analyse the effect of the interaction between neighbouring root systems on the distribution of root reinforcement.

This result shows that, at this distance, root reinforcement is dominated by roots with diameter classes less than 2 mm.