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One EPS box type is a new improved version designed by utilising numerical heat transfer modelling for minimising the maximum product temperature during thermal load.
With the obtained values of the parameters R0, A1, and A2, simulations can be performed to determine the maximum product temperature and the drying time during primary drying.
Mass transfer resistance of the dry layer during the primary drying phase of a lyophilizaton cycle is probably the most important factor affecting maximum product temperature and drying time.
Dry layer resistance, which is the resistance of dried cake against water vapor flow generated from sublimation, is one of the important parameters to predict maximum product temperature and drying time during primary drying in lyophilization.
As the heat and mass transfer coefficients will change, respectively, shelf temperature will have to be adjusted accordingly in order not to exceed the maximum product temperature.
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As predicted, maximum product temperatures were controlled slightly below the target temperature of −25°C, and the cascading Tf-ramping cycle is the most efficient cycle design.
The software is capable to determine the optimal shelf temperature for primary drying, ensuring the fastest drying time without overcoming the maximum allowable product temperature both in scouting and production cycles.
Notably, higher pressure caused observable shift of maximum product selectivity from the higher temperature zone to lower temperatures.
While increasing the temperature accelerated the catalytic reactions, the maximum product selectivity remained unchanged in the sulfonated biochar-catalyzed systems.
As a result, the overall uniformity of product temperature inside the refrigerated display cabinet and the maximum deviation values of product temperature have been improve to 41%and49%9%, respectively.
However, in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, maximum product yield and maximum biomass concentration were achieved at the same cultivation temperature between 21.5 and 23 °C.
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