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Numerical study shows that values of key structural responses (e.g., peak vertical displacement, maximum plastic hinge rotation, peak axial forces and moments) predicted by the energy-based pulldown analysis agree generally well with those by the time history analysis and are at least as accurate as those by the energy-based pushdown analysis.
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This IDA approach often uses collapse criteria given in terms of a large value of the maximum inter-story drift ratio, plastic hinge formations at structural components, or flattening of the IDA curve.
The analyses show that the stresses exceed the tensile maximum allowed creating plastic hinges.
It is often assumed that the maximum seismic damage in a bridge pier will concentrate in the regions subjected to maximum inelastic curvature known as its plastic hinge length.
The points of major plastic hinge formations and the maximum inter-story drift of 2.5% are marked on the pushover curve.
These observations can be verified by the plastic hinge formations at the maximum inter-story drift of 2.0% presented in Fig. 26, where it can be noticed that the plastic hinge formations of the redesigned structures are quite similar to those of the structures designed using R = 3 except the fact that plastic hinges are more concentrated in the connecting beams in the model CD_IC.
Specimen BC-A, which was reinforced with various reinforcements including flexural, diagonal and shear rebars, showed the best performance in terms of failure shape, maximum deflection, support rotation, and relocation of plastic hinge zone.
Pile behavior in these conditions is investigated and characterized via: (i) normalized plastic hinge length, (ii) normalized maximum moment location, and (iii) global (displacement) and local (curvature) ductility demands.
The increase in the roof displacement at the maximum inter-story drift of 2.5% is also significant compared with that of the model CD. Figure 20 shows the plastic hinge formation in the retrofitted structures at the maximum inter-story drift of 2% of the story height.
Open image in new window Fig. 16 Plastic hinge formation in the model structures at the maximum inter-story drift ratio of 2.5%.
Figure 16 depicts the plastic hinge formation in the model structures at the maximum inter-story drift of 2.5% of the story height.
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