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The concrete below this zone, at a depth of approximately twice the depth of the maximum penetration, was hardly affected at all by the blast wave and fragment impacts.
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However, when the maximum penetration is smaller than 2.0 nm, the hardness of the diamond-turned surface becomes distinctly lower than that of the pristine copper.
These systems are relatively inexpensive and provide real-time imaging but are limited by the tissue depth (maximum penetration is around 15 mm) and the structures (artefacts caused by bone or air) that can be reached and visualised.
The parameter of maximum corrosion penetration was more efficient to distinguish the effect of the zinc mass on corrosion resistance of the galvanized steel samples evaluated using accelerated field tests.
The maximum penetration speed was reached in the alternate vibration mode.
Minimum MW absorption (maximum penetration depth) was observed in temperature range of 300 to 400 °C.
The maximum penetration depth was set at 5 nm, where the indenter would remain for about 2,000 time steps.
For practical application, the relationship between the radius of the plastic deformation zone and the maximum penetration depth is developed here which has been used to modify the energy-based model developed at Newcastle University to predict the hardness and Young's modulus of coated systems.
The indenter radius is 5.0 nm, and the maximum penetration depth is 2.5 nm.
Needle thickness at maximum penetration point is 0.15 mm, and the needle tip radius is 2 μm.
However, the pop-out event is unapparent for the Berkovich indenter perhaps because the maximum penetration depth is not large enough in the MD simulations to trigger the event.
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