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Glucose was shown to be the best substrate with maximum lipid concentration of 0.73 and 0.62 g/l for Rhodosporidium TJUWZ4 and Cryptococcus TJUWZA11, respectively.
The maximum lipid concentration (13.77 g/L) with lipid content of 33.1% w/w was observed on day 10.
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The maximum total lipid concentration of strain R-16 was 1.50 g L-1 in heterotrophic culture, but the total lipid concentration in autotrophic culture was only 0.07 g L-1 on the sixth day.
The lipid concentration reached a maximum value of 17.6 g/L at 6.5 days.
The formulation components were selected based on the highest solubilizing capacity for PAC and ability of the preliminary pseudoternary system to form stable nanoemulsion at minimum concentration of surfactant for the maximum lipid content.
(C, D ) Maximum fluorescence intensity plotted as a function of available lipid concentration for GxTx-1E(Nle) and PcTx1.
The best performance of microbial lipid production previously was reached with Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4, where a volumetric lipid productivity of 0.54 glip.L−1.h−1 with a final yeast concentration of 106.5 gdcw.L−1 and a maximum lipid content of 67.5%lip (glip.gX−1) were reported by Li et al. [ 42].
The maximum lipid and triglyceride contents (56.1and 15.1% of dry weight respectively) were gained at 25% nitrogen concentration followed by 50% nitrogen concentration (45.2 and 12.5 of dry weight respectively), while the minimum contents (36.1 and 10.7% of dry weight respectively) were obtained at 75% nitrogen concentration.
R. opacus PD630 accumulated a maximum lipid content of 38% after about 144 h of cultivation in a medium with a high concentration of glucose [ 30].
After exhaustion, a pure glucose solution was added, with a concentration and feed rate according to the uptake rate that was calculated for the maximum lipid production rate without citrate excretion.
Maximum lipid recovery of 95.3 ± 0.3% w/w was obtained at the optimum level of process variables [N-LS concentration 24.42 mg (equal to 48 mg N-LS/g dry biomass), treatment time 8.8 min and reaction temperature 30.2 °C].
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