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Here, consider the estimation of the unknown parameters of the OGE family by the method of maximum likelihood from complete samples only.
Fecundity, denoted F, was estimated by maximum likelihood from the monitoring of nests for which the habitat index was available.
Shearwater annual survival, denoted φ, was estimated by maximum likelihood from the observed fate of 354 individually marked adult birds captured and re-observed yearly from 1999 to 2007.
The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, dN/dS, which is a measure of variable Darwinian selective pressures, was estimated by maximum likelihood from the PEG11 coding sequence alignment using the codeml program from PAMLv4 [49].
Quartet Decomposition was performed on 100 topologies per gene family inferred by maximum likelihood from 100 bootstrap samples of each alignment using phyML [66] using the nucleotide substitution models selected above and estimating substitution frequencies and a proportion of invariable sites from the data with 4 rate categories in a gamma distribution where required by the model.
Gamma shape parameters and the proportion of non-variant sites were estimated by maximum likelihood from a neighbor-joining tree (BIONJ).
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The null hypothesis of absence of selection on individual branches was tested by comparing the maximum likelihoods from the m1 analysis to maximum likelihoods for models with free ω for all branches except that the ω of the branch under consideration was set to 1 (m2).
We therefore used RAxML (Stamatakis, 2014) to construct a Maximum Likelihood phylogeny from a supermatrix concatenated from 3,141 genes and a total of 3.14 Mbp.
The genetic contributions of the ancestral populations can be estimated by the maximum likelihood method from a sample of genotypes from the admixed population [ 42, 43].
Phylogenetic trees were constructed by maximum parsimony method from aligned sequences or by using a maximum likelihood method from the best model identified by Modeltest 3.7.
A phylogenetic tree derived from the MUSCLE alignment was generated using the PROML (protein maximum likelihood) program from the Phylip package [ 34].
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