(C ) Measured changes in joint movement showing the amplitude change (left), the maximal joint angle (filled symbol) and the minimal joint angle (open symbol) joint angle (right).
Joint ROM for the hip, knee, and ankle were calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum joint angle.
The ROM in the knee joint was then obtained from the maximum and minimum joint angles for a complete step cycle as well as separately for stance and swing phases (for further explanation, see Figure 3).
Other variables of interest include time histories, maximum and minimum joint angles, and ranges of motion of the sagittal plane for pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle joint, as well as pelvic drop and hip adduction and abduction in the frontal plane.
Various maximum likelihood (ML) approaches to joint angle and delay estimation (JADE) problems, such as the Expectation Maximization algorithm [5] and the Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation maximization [6] show superior performance in low signal-to noise ratio (signal-to noisehen the numberatioSNRplescenarioll or the sources are correlated.
The maximum moments and joint angles were statistically tested using ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment.
The product of these four parts denotes the maximum torque of the stimulated muscle at certain joint angle and angular velocity.
After the maximum torque of the stimulated muscle at certain joint angle and angular velocity are being scaled by the activation aact, the active torque of the stimulated muscle can be obtained.
The difference between maximal knee flexion and the knee joint angle where exerted torque was zero was defined as knee joint angle range (Fig. 1).
Flexion and extension joint angles (maximum, minimum, displacement), and angular velocity (maximum, minimum) were determined for the shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, and tarsal joints.
