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Experimental results suggested that, from approximately 30percentto44percentcent of maximum hydrodynamic force could be reduced by the application of flexible pipes.
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The numerical investigation indicates that, in a linearly pattern, a current in the wave direction leads to a higher maximum of the hydrodynamic force in the horizontal direction, and a current in the opposite direction results in a lower maximum.
(a) Maximum DNA molecule hydrodynamic force versus extension after deducting the thermal expansion effect.
The stretching portions of the force-extension curves as a function of temperature are shown in Figure 11, in which the DNA molecule maximum extension length versus hydrodynamic force after deducting the thermal effect can be drawn and compared with those from the well-known force law of the wormlike-chain (WLC) model.
It is shown that when the drop is dislodged, the calculated hydrodynamic force is equal to the adhesion force and corresponds to the maximum of the pulsation radial velocity (parallel to the disc) calculated at the location of the drop mass centre.
With respect to rigid wedges, the hydrodynamic loading exhibits marked spatial variations, which control the location of the minimum and maximum pressure on the wetted surface, and temporal oscillations, which modulate the direction of the hydrodynamic force.
On the other hand, the magnitude of the shear component of the hydrodynamic force per unit area of the base of the cap exhibited a maximum for a given cap size.
These two may be resolved into a TOTAL HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE (HF).
The hydrodynamic force is calculated with an auxiliary boundary equation.
Although the classical in-line hydrodynamic forces are well studied and characterized, an undescribed force -- known as the impingement force -- may be the largest hydrodynamic force in the intertidal zone.
The hydrostatic force, the hydrodynamic force, the gravitational force, and the wire rope forces are considered as external forces.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com