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The results obtained have shown that the tested elements are characterized by: (i) high values of the maximum horizontal load applied to the structural systems (higher than the applied vertical load); (ii) residual bearing capacity with respect to the vertical loads, also when large lateral deformations are imposed; and (iii) high ductility.
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The experimental testing allowed obtaining the maximum horizontal loads, the displacement capacity and the level of non-linear behaviour of the respective load-displacement relationships as well as the failure modes.
At the same time, maximum expected horizontal loads are evaluated in an iterative manner, the entire process leads to the conceptual design of the landing gear.
The oleo-pneumatic mechanism is conceived with the aim of maximizing the oleo-pneumatic efficiency, since it is critically depending on the maximum vertical load factor and on the strut length, whereas the structure is generally sized by combining the design vertical loads with the maximum expected horizontal loads.
Building experiences maximum horizontal and uplift loads at building orientation angle of −45° and 0° for lower swirl tornado case and −45° and −30° for higher swirl tornado case, respectively, with respect to the translation direction of the tornado.
The field results present an important enhancement in the performance of the short and long piles under crosswise load when the artificially cemented top sand layers increase the total lateral area compressing the lightly bonded residual soil, increasing bearing capacity and reducing the maximum horizontal displacement at any given working load.
It was found that as H/t increased, the ultimate load decreased but the maximum horizontal deflection increased.
Finally, a design method for a shallow circular arch with elastic horizontal supports is proposed with the requirement of the elastic-plastic buckling load carrying capacity and the maximum horizontal displacement of the supports for engineering reference.
In this paper, a new procedure is proposed for determining the maximum horizontal inertial forces in a radial direction that are acting on a load suspended from the jib during a crane's slewing motion.
Maximum horizontal stress.
Predrill initial maximum horizontal stress.
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