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Borehole measurements show orientations of maximum horizontal compressive stress varying by tens of degrees in the upper several kilometers (e.g., Barton and Zoback 1994; Wilde and Stock 1997).
The bold red lines show the direction of the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress (NW SE to NNW SSE; Heidbach et al. 2008).
Interpolating the orientation of the maximum horizontal compressive stress with a well-established procedure is fundamental in understanding the present-day stress field.
Conventional wisdom assumes that fluids prefer to flow along fractures oriented parallel or nearly parallel to modern-day maximum horizontal compressive stress, or SHmax.
This paper documents the design principles, strategies and architecture of SHINE (http://shine.rm.ingv.it/), a web-based application for determining the maximum horizontal compressive stress orientation.
The strong fault model (Scholz, 2000) predicts the maximum horizontal compressive stress axis forms low angles to the fault, while the relatively weak fault model (Zoback, 2000; Townend and Zoback, 2001) predicts high angles.
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Another observation is that the maximum horizontal displacement, tensile and compressive strains on the deeper side are smaller than those on the shallower side as expected.
Maximum horizontal stress (S Hmax) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are constrained by our forward modeling analyses.
Our approach simultaneously defines the best-fit in situ maximum horizontal stress magnitude (S Hmax) and rock unconfined compressive strength (UCS), using a forward model of compressional borehole breakouts that is constrained by observations of wellbore failure, or lack of wellbore failure, at the two adjacent holes.
The techniques we have developed for estimation of the maximum horizontal principal stress, SHmax, make extensive use of observations of non-catastrophic failures of the wellbore wall both compressive failures (breakouts) and tensile failures (drilling-induced tensile fractures) as well as the stress perturbations associated with slip on faults cutting through the wellbore.
I determine both the vertical rotation, i.e., the change in plunge of the maximum compressive stress axis, σ1, and the horizontal rotation, i.e., the change in the trend of the maximum horizontal stress direction, SHmax.
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