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The optimal frequency for maximum heat generation rate at a certain temperature is determined, which is different from the frequency for minimum total impedance.
Using this model the optimal frequency for maximum heat generation rate at a certain ambient conditions is determined and experimentally validated.
Experimental results demonstrate that the heating time at the optimal frequency, corresponding to the maximum heat generation during the overall heating process, is the shortest with high efficiency.
In cold environments, a less efficient OXPHOS is preferred because it results in maximum heat generation and minimum ATP and ROS production [ 73].
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Simulated total heat generation is compared to measured heat generation at steady state showing a good agreement, which makes it possible, using this simple model, to predict the maximum heat generated inside the battery, and consequently the core temperature, in order to design a suitable thermal management system.
Results suggest that all the design target, criteria and limits are satisfied in terms of average coolant outlet temperature, maximum linear heat generation rate (MLHGR), maximum cladding surface temperature (MCST) as well as core shutdown margin, negative coolant void reactivity coefficient and positive coolant density reactivity coefficient in all coolant density range.
The numerical results show that all the design criteria are fulfilled by the maximum cladding surface temperature of 656 °C with 500 °C average core outlet temperature, maximum linear heat generation rate of 37.4 kW/m and positive water density as well as shutdown margin of 1.45%dk/k.
The maximum linear heat generation rate is 50.6 kW/m, the average discharged burnup is 38.1 GWd/tU, and the CVR is negative throughout the cycle.
Entropy generation analysis shows that square geometry is the optimum design among the three geometries of heated cylinder as it has the maximum heat transfer and minimum entropy generation.
Hence, in addition to the change of condensate temperature as for nominal load, the energetic losses increase up to 26%% of the fuel rate for minimum power generation and maximum heat extraction of the CCPP.
In addition, the oscillation period of heat generation affects the maximum operational temperature of the heat source.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com