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The minimum and maximum friction coefficients were 0.0146 and 0.0208 for the lined pipe and 0.0148 and 0.0241 for the new steel pipe, respectively.
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The available friction is the maximum friction coefficient that can be supported without a slip at the shoe and floor interface.
In this paper, methods have been developed to predict these different surfaces and accordingly control the wheel slip to achieve maximum friction coefficient for different road surfaces.
A maximum friction coefficient improvement of 38% is obtained with simultaneous 9.7% improvement of load capacity in comparison to the plain bearing.
The lowest friction coefficient value was 0.212 which occurred at 850 °C with a 10 N applied load and the maximum friction coefficient value was 0.571 which occurred at 850 °C with a 100 N applied load.
A reciprocating pin-on-flat tribometer was employed to measure the maximum initial and dynamic friction coefficients (COF).
The results showed that both the maximum initial and dynamic friction coefficients were strongly affected by the applied load.
The minimum radius or the maximum curvature has a limiting value for a given design speed as determined according to the maximum rate of superelevation (emax) and the maximum side-friction coefficient (fRmax): {R}_{min }=frac{{V_d}^2}{3.6^2cdot left gcdot {e}_{max }+gcdot {f}_{R max}right)}=frac{{V_d}^2}{127cdot left({e}_{max }+{f}_{R max}right)} (2).
Measured friction coefficients were maximum at the start of the cure cycle and varied as a function of degree of cure and ramp rate owing to change in the tool part interface, cure shrinkage, resin/composite properties, residual stress, and mode of interface failure.
This insures maximum stability and climbing abilities even for very low friction coefficients between the wheel and the ground.
Under the same (maximum) load, constant load tests exhibit higher displacements, residual depths and friction coefficients, but lower percent elastic recoveries.
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