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The available friction is the maximum friction coefficient that can be supported without a slip at the shoe and floor interface.
In this paper, methods have been developed to predict these different surfaces and accordingly control the wheel slip to achieve maximum friction coefficient for different road surfaces.
A maximum friction coefficient improvement of 38% is obtained with simultaneous 9.7% improvement of load capacity in comparison to the plain bearing.
The lowest friction coefficient value was 0.212 which occurred at 850 °C with a 10 N applied load and the maximum friction coefficient value was 0.571 which occurred at 850 °C with a 100 N applied load.
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The minimum and maximum friction coefficients were 0.0146 and 0.0208 for the lined pipe and 0.0148 and 0.0241 for the new steel pipe, respectively.
The minimum radius or the maximum curvature has a limiting value for a given design speed as determined according to the maximum rate of superelevation (emax) and the maximum side-friction coefficient (fRmax): {R}_{min }=frac{{V_d}^2}{3.6^2cdot left gcdot {e}_{max }+gcdot {f}_{R max}right)}=frac{{V_d}^2}{127cdot left({e}_{max }+{f}_{R max}right)} (2).
Coating with a maximum hardness and lowest friction coefficient was obtained by optimizing the carbon content.
From the studies, it is found that rollaway will not happen even with the maximum vehicle weight and friction coefficient at drum/lining interface above 0.2.
TiN/CrN multilayer at Λ of 21 nm, possessing the maximum hardness enhancement, showed the smallest friction coefficient value of 0.3.
It is shown that repeated frictional sliding on the SMAT processed 304 stainless steel surface results in smaller residual depth, pile-up height and friction coefficient but higher maximum stresses compared to the as-received 304 stainless steel.
Strap orientation and friction coefficient have no significant effect on maximum pressure and maximum shear stress.
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