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Table 2 summarizes the maximum frequency deviation of the 3 areas in each case.
In the power system, the maximum frequency deviation range is ±0.5 Hz.
The maximum frequency deviation is set as 0.5 Hz during system restoration [21] and the maximum allowable power variation is 66.34 MW for the restored system.
Finally, we define δmax as the maximum frequency deviation that each partial p is allowed to have from its ideal harmonic location.
Table 2 The maximum frequency deviation in each case Case Maximum frequency deviation of the 3 areas (Hz) In which area? Case 1 0.048 Area 1 Case 2 0.022 Area 1 Case 3 0.016 Area 2. This subsection is to examine the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.
However, as for Case 3, the frequency drop in Area 1 is limited to 0.012 Hz, and the maximum frequency deviation of all the three areas does not exceed 0.016 Hz.
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The disadvantage of this method is that the maximum frequency deviations are larger and the resulting oscillations have increased settling times, compared to the case where an immediate full response is allowed.
These examples indicate that a very fast response reduces the maximum value of frequency deviation.
When the largest available generation in the system is tripped or an abnormal event equal to that loss is endured, the maximum allowed system frequency deviation is 0.8 Hz.
Note that the value of the active power droop constant m is calculated according to the maximum allowable steady-state frequency deviation of 1% and to the maximum active power reserve of 100%.
These are the maximum frequency (w H ), the minimum frequency (w L ), the Hurst exponent (H), and the standard deviation of the amplitude (P).
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