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The maximum fluoride sorption capacity was found to be 18.3 meq/100 g at pH 6 and 8.6 meq/100 g pH 7. A competitive Langmuir sorption isotherm where sorption is dependant on both pH and fluoride concentration is employed to characterise the experimental sorption and desorption data.
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Results indicate that the presence of Mn (100 mg L− 1) and Cd (100 mg L− 1) respectively increases the rate of fluoride sorption by a factor of ~ 28.3 and ~ 10.9, the maximum sorption capacity is increased by ~ 2.2 and ~ 1.7.
At pH 3, maximum fluoride adsorption occurred.
The thermodynamic studies showed fluoride sorption to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature.
This implies that fluoride sorption onto Mn2+-modified bentonite clay followed pseudo-second-order and chemisorption.
Emphasis is laid on their availability, fluoride sorption capacity and mechanisms.
Maximum fluoride was removed from water at pH 4.4.
Maximum fluoride was adsorbed from water at pH 5.8.
To understand the fluoride sorption behavior under different pH values sorption was monitored, under (Kamble et al. 2007; Sarkar et al. 2006) the neutral, protonated and deprotonated sites.
The sorption obeyed the pseudo-first-order rate equation and the fluoride sorption was found to be dependent on the aqueous phase pH.
A comparative study on fluoride sorption capacities showed that CCSFP had better fluoride removal capacity than that of other adsorbents (Table 7).
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