Changes in joint width, maximum extension or flexion, range of motion, and thigh circumference were similar for the treatment and placebo groups.
Maximum extension and flexion angles were obtained using a goniometer centered on the stifle joint and aligned with the greater trochanter proximally and the lateral malleolus of the tibia distally.
The sequence in which motion segments contribute to the movement to maximum extension or flexion in the entire cervical spine has been reported to be a more consistent parameter in healthy controls [ 13- 15].
Furthermore, the CKS design showed a significantly lower range of tibial rotation (p < 0.05) from maximum extension to maximum flexion during deep knee bend activities.
We measured each angle in a neutral standing position (NSP), maximum extension position (MEP), and maximum flexion position to evaluate thoracic, lumbar, and total spinal ROM.
Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference pre- and postoperatively in maximum flexion angle, but significant improvements were observed postoperatively in maximum extension angle (p = 0. 001), ROM (p = 0.04), knee score (p < 0.0001), function score (p < 0.0001), and FTA (p < 0.0001).
The ligament elongations were calculated as the differences in ligament lengths at maximum flexion for PLL, CL, LF, and ISL+SSL and at maximum extension for ALL and MTD, relative to the neutral posture lengths.
In the shoulder joint, five different parameters were measured (extension, flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation) resulting in a maximum score of 15.
The subject was seated upright and was asked to move the neck into maximum flexion, extension, and right/left rotation.
Maximum hip extension and flexion angles were significantly improved (P < 0.05) for the BWSTT group during the stance and swing phases compared to baseline.
