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The field emission characteristics show that the field enhancement of the structures is strongly related to the geometry (height/radius) of the structures and maximum emission currents of ∼10 μA were obtained.
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The maximum emission current can be achieved using a hemispherical-geometry cathode with a radius of 1 mm.
The turn-on field, threshold field and maximum emission current densities for both MoS2 and CdMoS4 are strongly influenced by thermal annealing in inert atmosphere.
The a-C N films showed better cha-C Neristics, that is, lower threshold films showedths and higher maximum emission current densities, than the a-C films.
The maximum emission current obtained from our emitter was 0.57 mA (8.03 mA/cm2) with the applied field of 3.13 V/μm, which was seldom reported in the past MWNT flexible emitters.
The CNF array gives the turn-on electric field of 0.9 V/μm, the maximum emission current density of 6.3 matcm2 at 2 V/μm, and the field enhancement factor of 2585.
The Vickers hardness was 22.3 GPa, the flexural strength was 271.2 MPa and the maximum emission current density was 56.81 A cm−2 at a cathode temperature of 1600 °C.
From the emission characteristics, the maximum emission current (Imax, μm) and turn-on voltage (Von, V) of the CNTs were estimated by defining the Imax as the emission current measured at the applied voltage of 1.2 kV and the Ion as the voltage applied to obtain the emission current of 10 μA.
Conical shaped emitters and nanotube structures with nano-defects are produced that exhibit remarkable field emission with ultra-low turn-on electric field (∼0.16 V/μm) and a >300-fold increase in the maximum emission current density compared to non-irradiated nanotubes.
The optimal FE performance obtained from the GNF CNT composites shows a low threshold field of 1.54 V/μm and an extremely large maximum emission current density of 75.46 mA/cm2, far better than 1.77 V/μm and 27.90 mA/cm2 for the pristine CNTs, respectively.
For ETD experiments, the maximum output of ETD reagent ion (202 m/ z) was achieved with the following nCI source tuned parameters: reagent ion charge control target (ICC) 500 000, maximum emission current 4 μA and ionization energy of 75 eV, reactant remove cutoff ⩽210 m/ z without supplemental energy activation.
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