This corroborates the notion that in flat, regular, three-dimensional structures of uniform sections, such as interconnected trusses, flexural grillages and reinforced concrete slabs the first set of yielding members, plastic hinges or initial lengths of yield lines form within segments or elements that contain the point of maximum normal elastic displacements.
The relationship between force perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone and the resulting displacement was presented graphically, and the values of maximum elastic strength (Wy) and the ultimate strength (Wf) were determined.
With an equation, the elasto-plastic displacement and elastic displacement at a sidewall key point can be calculated quickly.
Usually, the maximum elastic modulus (MEM), or similar quantities such as peak elastic modulus (E H ) or maximum tangential stiffness (MTS), is reported for the failure region.
The first, μ, is a ratio of the elastic displacement of the surfaces at the point of pull-off to the effective range of the surface forces.
They are expanded to the fourth order in a Taylor series with the elastic displacements considered.
Maximum displacement D max, Elastic (pre-yield) stiffness k e defined as: F y D y, Plastic (post-yield) stiffness k p, Buffer stiffness k B, Effective stiffness k eff defined as: ( F bH + F bR ) x des, Total effective stiffness k eff - T defined as: ( F bH + F bR + F bB ) D max, characteristic strength Q, The yielding exponent n, which controls the curvature at the hysteresis loop corners.
Maximum displacement shows the maximum displacement in LOS direction in each SAR interferogram.
The associated damage is quantified on the basis of the maximum displacement as compared to both yield and ultimate post-elastic displacements, according to the RISK-UE project recommendations (Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi in Bull Earthq Eng 4(4):415–443, 2006), and compared with the damage obtained in the case of a similar building located on rock.
