Conversely, an increase in pressure results in response in which heart rate, maximum elastance and arterial resistance all decrease, while venous compliance and unstressed volume increase.
As illustrated in Fig. 4, a decrease in pressure results in an increase in heart rate, maximum elastance and arterial resistance, with a simultaneous decrease in venous compliance and unstressed volume.
We used end-systolic elastance (Emax), which is the load-independent reference parameter corresponding to the maximum elastance of the left ventricle, to determine LV intrinsic contractility [2].
Triggered by the tilt test, the efferent response of the baroreflex model rapidly increases heart rate, maximum elastance and arterial resistance.
The efferent pathways of the baroreflex alter the heart rate, maximum elastance, arterial resistance, venous compliance and venous unstressed volume with the overall goal of regulating pressure in the systemic circulation (Fig. 8).
Although HIET did not significantly increase mean blood pressure and heart rate, it significantly improved maximum elastance at end systole (EES), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and coronary artery blood flow compared with other treatments.
Moreover, as changes in the heart rate and maximum elastance also affect the right heart, and therefore the venous return, the inclusion of the pulmonary circulation is a key feature which will be added in future developments of this model.
The maximum elastance and resistance responses after antigen challenge decreased in both the respiratory system and the distal pulmonary tissue when the sensitized animals were treated with Y-27632, the corticosteroid, or a combination of both treatments, compared to the animals that received the vehicle.
We observed no effect of influenza infection on maximum tissue elastance in females (p = 0.91) and no effect of arsenic exposure on maximum tissue elastance in males (p = 0.85) or females (p = 0.48).
Recipes requiring minimal effort for maximum results should also help.
