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The maximum effective strain in the FRP is limited to 0.005 according to CNR-DT200 (2004) provisions (clause 4.3.3.2).
Numerous fracture criteria, based on strain and stress conditions, exist which can be used in finite element (FE) models of the shearing, for example, maximum effective strain, maximum shear stress, or combined stress and strain criteria (Cockcroft and Latham 1968; Johnson and Cook 1985).
Comparing to five classic multiaxial fatigue models, including the maximum effective strain model, the maximum shear strain model, the Fatemi-Socie (FS) model, the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model and Itoh model, the predicted multiaxial fatigue lives of three metallic materials using the proposed model agreed better with the experimental results.
Comparing to six multiaxial fatigue models, including the maximum effective strain model, the maximum shear strain model, the Fatemi-Socie (FS) model, the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model, the Itoh model and the ZWW model, the predicted multiaxial fatigue lives of FGH96 by the modified ZWW model based on the effect of the stress gradient agreed better with the experimental results.
The characteristics of the near-tip strain fields suggest that the experimental observations of shallow surface cracks (Case A cracks) propagating in the maximum shear strain direction can be explained by a fracture mechanics crack growth criterion based on the maximum effective strain of the near-tip fields for small cracks under general yielding conditions.
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The influence of current pulses on different phases was studied, specifically on the elastic restoring force and the maximum effective plastic strain phases.
It reveals that the maximum effective plastic strain at the point can be utilized to determine the initiation point of the ductile fracture in the cold cross-wedge rolling process.
The inner bending region of an extrudate experiences maximum localised effective strain, which decreases with decrease in curvature.
The gradients, and also the maximum value of the effective strain, will increase with smaller elements in contact with the tools and decrease with larger elements.
It is found that the effective strain, the maximum shear strain and the Smith Watson Topper (SWT) criteria tend to give non-conservative results under nonproportional loading.
CAE simulations were adopted to predict the maximum drawing forces and the mean effective strain deviation along the tube thickness direction.
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