Numerous fracture criteria, based on strain and stress conditions, exist which can be used in finite element (FE) models of the shearing, for example, maximum effective strain, maximum shear stress, or combined stress and strain criteria (Cockcroft and Latham 1968; Johnson and Cook 1985).
Maximum stable bubble diameters and effective shear rate for break-up calculated at different locations in the mixer using the fundamental capillary number theory for drop and bubble break-up correlated well with the measured local mean bubble sizes and the mean local shear rates calculated using FEM simulations of the flow.
Comparing to five classic multiaxial fatigue models, including the maximum effective strain model, the maximum shear strain model, the Fatemi-Socie (FS) model, the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model and Itoh model, the predicted multiaxial fatigue lives of three metallic materials using the proposed model agreed better with the experimental results.
Comparing to six multiaxial fatigue models, including the maximum effective strain model, the maximum shear strain model, the Fatemi-Socie (FS) model, the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model, the Itoh model and the ZWW model, the predicted multiaxial fatigue lives of FGH96 by the modified ZWW model based on the effect of the stress gradient agreed better with the experimental results.
The characteristics of the near-tip strain fields suggest that the experimental observations of shallow surface cracks (Case A cracks) propagating in the maximum shear strain direction can be explained by a fracture mechanics crack growth criterion based on the maximum effective strain of the near-tip fields for small cracks under general yielding conditions.
σ1′ = maximum effective stress, σ3′ = minimum effective stress, σ′ = normal stress, φ = friction angle, C = cohesion, τ = shear stress, α = fracture angle.
Maximum energy dissipation is obtained by realizing a damper whose damping constant times the shear viscosity divided by the product of effective shear modulus and moment of inertia of the inertia member equals one.
The maximum effective transport radius is 300 kilometres (186 miles).
The stress-strain relationship, elastic modulus, failure strength, effective stress paths, and effective shear strength parameters (i.e., effective cohesion and internal friction angle) were measured for expansive soils after a maximum of 9 F-T cycles.
