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All models were adjusted for age and sex of the child and maximum educational level of both parents according to International Standard Classification of Education ISCEDD).
We classified maximum educational level attained into the following three categories based on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's International Standard Classification of Education: low (<10 years), middle (10 15 years) and high (>15 years).
Smoking (current, former, never), maximum educational level (low, medium, high), and overweight [body mass index (BMI) < 25, ≥ 25 kg/m, except in ECRHS where an additional missing category was created because > 20% of data were missing for this variable] were considered in the analysis.
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Maximum attained educational level has traditionally been used as a strong indicator of SES.
The percentage of children with parents with a low educational level, at maximum a certificate of secondary vocational education, was 16.9%.
A questionnaire containing information regarding demographics, socioeconomic status in terms of educational level and maximum life-time income, medical history, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity level, and dietary intake was administered by an interviewer.
Educational level and maximum income were also markedly lower in women than men.
Low parental educational level was defined as a maximum of nine years of education (mandatory school years).
Parental education was defined as the maximum of the mother's and father's educational level and classified into three categories (low, medium, and high) as described previously [ 17].
Parental educational level greatly influences higher education opportunity.
Maximum educational attainment, specifically years of education, was ascertained by questionnaire in early visits.
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