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Open image in new window Fig. 12 Raw radar data with range estimate and maximum echo amplitude.
The ultrasound transducer was located perpendicularly above the cartilage surface with aligning the ultrasound beam into the cartilage tissue to obtain the maximum echo amplitude.
By adjusting the clamp, the transducer surface was immerged into gel and was placed approximately 4.5 mm above the cartilage surface with the focal zone of ultrasound beam located inside the cartilage layer to obtain the maximum echo amplitude.
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The stacked raw radar trace data, the range to the maximum echo point and the maximum amplitude of the return for each trace are shown in Fig. 12.
For cartilage sample assessment, three indices were selected, namely the change in amplitude from the cartilage surface (amplitude recovery rate: ARR) and the maximum echo shifts from the cartilage surface and the cartilage-bone interface.
The measurements provide the echo amplitude as a function of frequency and echo delay time on a so-called plasmagram.
The resonance frequencies may be measured by sampling the echo amplitude or by spectrum analysis.
The target distance and the echo amplitude are input fuzzy variables, and the amplifier gain is output fuzzy variable.
Echo amplitude is influenced by molecular diffusion (Brownian motion) because of the fluctuations of the local magnetic field.
In order to improve this univariate experiment (the echo amplitude) a new pulse experiment was designed where a 180°-pulse train (as used in CPMG) was appended at the end of a pulsed field gradient stimulated echo experiment (DIFF-CPMG).
Relative echo intensity (RMS) echo amplitude increases towards angles perpendicular to the substrate.
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