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By building on a graph-theoretical modeling framework, we here develop a connectivity model of how varying levels of area protection and unprotected areas predetermined for destruction affect species differently depending on (1) their tradeoff in colonization versus habitat utilization ability and (2) their maximum dispersal ability.
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The degree of range expansion or lineage mixing after the last glacial maximum varies among taxa and may reflect species level differences in dispersal ability, reproductive strategy, competitive ability, or habitat requirements.
Indirectly, the restricted distribution of Dallia, low dispersal ability of the genus and occupation of areas that were nearly entirely unglaciated during the last glacial maximum argue for little post-glacial range expansion.
maximum dispersal length.
Results are separated for montane (black) and flatlands (white) species and for three assumptions regarding dispersal ability (no dispersal, contiguous dispersal, universal dispersal).
An estimation of the dispersal ability of a certain species requires an analysis of all its dispersal strategies and potential dispersal opportunities.
There are two crucial factors which determine dispersal success: the species' dispersal ability and its opportunities to "catch" a dispersal agent.
Also, dispersal and successful establishment of species, such as ponderosa pine, may occasionally exceed maximum dispersal distances modeled here (e.g., Haire and McGarigal 2010), and incorporating rare, long-distance dispersal events into future models may be important.
One factor that contributes to the geographic isolation of animal populations is the dispersal ability of the animals themselves.
The results are discussed in relation to crop management, pest dispersal ability and landscape structure.
In contrast, bumblebees benefitted only from small-scale agriculture, which matches with their high dispersal ability.
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