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Furthermore, based on source level, we estimated maximum detection distances for prey across bat species within a local assemblage.
Estimated detection ranges still vary much less than emitted intensities, but some bats achieve almost twice as long maximum detection distances as other, mainly due to lower emitted frequency.
We estimated the maximum detection distances for two different insect sized targets for each of the five horseshoe bat species as a function of their echolocation call frequency and their maximum echolocation call intensity.
The long, quasi constant frequency calls of large aerial hunting bats, when in the range between 10 and 20 kHz, might result in maximum detection distances of a few tens of meters for very large insects and for night-migrating passerine birds that some bats prey upon [3], [7].
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And the maximum detection distance grows with the growth of burning rate.
Experiments showed that the maximum detection distance varies between 1 m to 20 m.
The maximum detection distance is 400 mm when the largest sensor is used and the linearity of the sensing circuit is 0.79.
The loop design also has the highest detection coefficient (maximum detection distance versus the conductive area of the sensor) of 0.23 compared with 0.06 and 0.1 for the investigated filled and spiral designs, respectively.
Call intensity and frequency determine maximum detection distance for objects (obstacles, food) and range of acoustic interactions with other bats and hearing prey such as moths.
However, our detection distance calculations must be interpreted with caution because different populations may have different echolocation call intensities, which could greatly influence the calculation of maximum detection distance [ 154].
However, we used these maximum source levels including positive interference for estimating detection distances, since interference will happen not only on the microphone, but also on the prey, and is indeed suggested as a reason why several bats from different families have evolved this hunting strategy [29].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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