The maximum crushing force you can exert in your grip naturally declines with age.
Reducing the tube thickness is an effective method to weaken the average crushing force, but it does not weaken the maximum crushing force.
It is determined that the maximum internal pressure and maximum crushing force needed in the crushing processes combined with preforming and hydroforming are only about 5%and7%7%, respectively, of those in the expansion test.
During the optimum design, the specific energy absorption (SEA) is set as the design objective, and it is constrained by the maximum crushing force (Pm) and the cross-sectional dimensions.
During the design optimizations, specific energy absorption (SEA) is set as the design objective, side length of the cross-sections and wall thickness are selected as design variables, and maximum crushing force (Pm) is set as the design constraint.
In the optimization, specific energy absorption (SEA) and maximum crushing force (Pm) are set as two objectives and the thickness of the outer skin, the thickness of the frames, the thickness of the longitudinally reinforced stiffener and the height of the fender are selected as four design variables.
The crashworthiness of models is evaluated using two metrics: The specific energy absorption per unit mass (SEA) and the ratio between the average and maximum crushing forces (CFE=Favg/Fmax).
The Leuenberger analysis showed that maximum crushing strength is reached faster at lower pressures of compression.
The performance in axial compression of square aluminium columns with aluminium foam filler has been assessed based upon existing design formulas for average crush force, maximum force and effective crushing distance.
Effects of stacking sequence [(0/90)4]s and [ 90/0)4]s and UACS 0° plies on the compressive strength and the progressive crush properties, such as the maximum peak load, energy absorption, crush mean load, and crush force efficiency are clarified.
