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The results are useful for the design of optimum microlens to obtain maximum coupling efficiency with yet relatively easy control in the fabrication process.
The simulated maximum coupling efficiency from a grating coupler with (without) bottom reflector to a single-mode fiber is about 78%40%0%) in z-cut LNOI for TE polarization.
A comparison is made between the drawn taper and the etched taper, and the results show that with drawn taper the coupling efficiency is insensitive to the radius of the hemispherical lens and that higher maximum coupling efficiency can be achieved.
During the measurement of the coupling efficiency, we position the ion exactly in the maximum of the excitation PSF, i.e. we measure the maximum coupling efficiency obtainable in the focal region under the current experimental conditions.
The observed rise time corresponds to the time which the photogenerated carriers need to reach the probing energy states lower to the initial excitation level providing the maximum coupling efficiency which results in the maximum induced change in the absorption.
The M of the fiber-delivered beam was measured (according to ISO Standard 11146 [ 12]) as 1.4 which is in line with the Gaussian like output beam profile shown in Fig. 5. Modeling was done to estimate the overlap between the laser and the fiber mode in order to indicate the maximum coupling efficiency achievable.
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Maximum coupling efficiencies of 93% for a inverted taper length of 150 μm and a inverted taper tip width of 40 nm have been obtained by means of the overlap integral and 3D beam propagation method (BPM) simulations.
The maximum measured coupling efficiency of the couplers is 18.5%.
The measured average transmission for the fibers in the fiber-optic array is 92.54 ± 3.78% (maximum FCE (fiber coupling efficiency): 99%; minimum FCE: 82%).
Due to the periodic field distribution of PCWs along the propagation direction, maximum and minimum coupling efficiency occur when waveguide junctions are located near the peak and valley of the longitudinal mode profile, and coupling efficiency depends on both the localization of mode fields in PCWs and the group velocities of eigenmodes.
The defocus and tilts were adjusted to have the maximum re-coupling efficiency to the optical fiber of the interferometer.
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