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A higher maximum charge power ensures that more electric energy can be stored in the BESS, which is needed to deliver later when the system generation is inadequate.
Open image in new window Fig. 5 EENS index against the maximum charge power of the BESS Open image in new window Fig. 6 EENS index against the maximum discharge power of the BESS.
In order to investigate the effects of the maximum charge/discharge power of the BESS on the EENS index, either the maximum charge power is changed from −400 to −800 kW or the discharge power is changed from 400 to 800 kW.
2) In the charging status (when ( P_{all {text -} BESS}^ < 0 )): ( P_{TUi} ) is calculated considering the stage of discharge (SOD) under each transformer unit i, ( SOD_{TUi}^ ), and allowable maximum charge power under each transformer unit i, ( hat{P}_{TUi}^{ch} ).
P_{i}^ = frac{{u_{i} hat{P}_{i}^{disch} }}{{sumlimits_{i = 1}^{L} {left( {u_{i} hat{P}_{i}^{disch} } right)} }}P_{TUi}^ (10 where ( u_{i} ) is the start-stop status of PCS i; ( SOC_{i}^ ) is the SOC of PCS i. 2) In the charging status (when ( P_{TUi}^ < 0 )): ( P_{i} ) is calculated by the SOD of each PCS i, ( SOD_{i} ) and allowable maximum charge power, ( hat{P}_{i}^{ch} ) of each PCS i.
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The proposed system has a maximum charging power of 7.99 W: that is better than direct charging by approximately 15%.
In the laboratory experiment, the selected topology demonstrates stable properties and realizes a maximum charging power of approximately 300 W.
In order to satisfy EVs' charging demands, the charging of EVs are implemented with maximum charging power before departure.
The maximum charging power of the ESSs is 59.55 MW and the control frequency is reduced greatly using the QAGC strategy, as shown in Figs. 11 and 12.
We assume near-future EV specifications with battery size (overline{B} = 30) kWh, energy consumption of 0.15 kWh per km and maximum charging power (overline{P}= 11) kW.
Equations (30) and (31) consider the maximum charging power of BEs and EV integrations, and correspond to Case B-1; (33) and (34) consider the capacity limitation, and correspond to Case B-2 and Case B-3.
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