INDION 225 H ion-exchange resin is an inexpensive catalyst (~1.5 US$/kg) and it is always desirable to obtain maximum biodiesel yield using highest possible catalyst loading which depends on catalyst suspension ability under normal boiling condition.
All the ruthenium II) complexes were demonstrated as highly efficient catalysts for the synthesis of secondary amines/amides by the coupling of primary amines/amides with alcohols at low catalyst loading, and the maximum yield was obtained up to 98%.
It has been observed that an optimum power, temperature and catalyst loading exist for maximum benefits whereas higher molar ratio was found to be favourable for the progress of the reaction.
All the copper(I) complexes have been demonstrated as highly efficient catalysts for the synthesis of N-alkylated heterocyclic amine by the coupling of primary amines with alcohols at low catalyst loading, and the maximum yield was obtained up to 99%.
The highest photodegradation rate and the maximum COD removal were achieved at zero catalyst loading with COD removal of about 84%.
The conditions for maximum dye degradation were optimized in terms of catalyst loading, H2O2 dosage and initial pH of the solution.
The optimal condition for achieving the maximum biodiesel conversion was obtained: calcination temperature (800 °C), catalyst loading (3%), and the ratio of methanol to oil (10), with yield and conversion reaching 87.5% and 89%.
The maximum conversion rate was 96.1% under the optimized conditions, that is, catalyst loading 5 wt% based on weight of oleic acid, molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol (1 12), reaction temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 5 h (Table 3).
Optimization result showed that the maximum percentage of degradation was achieved at calcination temperature of 961.2 °C, with catalyst loading of 0.22 g and pH 7.2.
Maximum yield of 89.3% was obtained at methanol to oil ratio 15:1 and catalyst loading 3.5 wt% and corresponding yield at same process parameters was observed to be 88.7% implying the significant activity of catalyst in reutilization.
