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Tree shape was calculated as tree height divided by the maximum canopy width.
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Results reveal that orchard yield of hedgerows of rectangular shape reaches a maximum when canopy depth equals alley width (row spacing − canopy width) and decreases at wider spacing, and/or with wider canopies, as the length of productive row decreases per unit area.
We detail minor improvements to existing shade models and create a model (SHADE2) that calculates shading ratio by riparian canopy at any time and location for given stream characteristics including stream azimuth, stream width, canopy height, canopy overhang, and height of maximum canopy overhang.
No significant difference in plant canopy width or plant dry mass was observed among the groups.
There was no significant difference among the groups on plant canopy width.
The method was most sensitive (1.0 < SM < 36) to canopy width, canopy height, leaf area index, row spacing, canopy and soil emittances, and canopy and soil temperatures for medium to full canopy cover.
The maximum canopy height in STBG was the tallest (30 m), while the maximum canopy height in NPI was the shortest (13.5 m).
The plant canopy width under LED-A was 17.01 % greater than that of the control (Fig. 2c; p < 0.05).
There was no significant difference in plant canopy width between the LED-A and LED-B groups.
Maximum canopy diameter was measured as the longest horizontal axis of a ramet.
A model for canopy interception that included a maximum canopy storage and a fixed sublimation rate provided reasonable predictions of peak snow accumulation.
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