The other three theropods were relatively smaller, reaching maximum body sizes of about one ton in Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus, and about 1.5 tons in Daspletosaurus.
When printed at full size on 8.5 × 11 paper, the solid and hashed bands represent the minimum and maximum body sizes of the species (Fig. 5; Table 1: Best Practice 5).
To avoid maternal effects, flies were allowed to oviposit for a day at a constant temperature of 25°C and at an optimal density (about 100 individuals in 60 ml vials containing 10 ml of food, density that assures the achievement of the maximum body size) for one generation.
To define traits suitable for establishing an improved proxy for organismal complexity, we first carried out PCA on the reduced data set using PICs of the following traits: cell types, numbers of TAPs, TFs, TRs, or PTs, genome size, number of genome duplications, and reported maximum body size (and length of the sporophyte).
They found that the most useful factors for determining if a particular species had an elevated risk of extinction was its maximum body size, the minimum depth of water in which it lived, and the range of depth with larger species and those that swim in shallower waters having the largest risk.
Each vertical line in each of the 'rugs' represents the maximum body size and Red List status of each species: threatened (red) and LC (green).
Maximum body size is an essential predictor of threat status, we presume because of the close relationship between body size and the intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays (Smith et al., 1998; Frisk et al., 2001; Hutchings et al., 2012).
The upper and lower 'rug' represents the maximum body size and Red List status of each species: threatened (upper rugs) and Least Concern (lower rugs).
