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This study provides design and operational guidelines for achieving maximum biomass productivity in outdoor photobioreactors (PBRs).
By using a novel feeding strategy with linear variation of specific growth rate during high cell density fermentation, the maximum biomass productivity of 5.037 g/l h was obtained in a defined medium during 16 h.
The accuracy of the model obtained was verified on a 0.22 m3 outdoor tubular photobioreactor operated in both discontinuous and continuous mode, obtaining a maximum biomass productivity of 0.68 g L−1day−1.
Maximum biomass productivity of 66 mg VSS L−1 d−1 (areal productivity of 15.78 g VSS m−2 d−1) and NRR of 7.68 mg N L−1 d−1 and 1.17 mg P L−1 d−1 were achieved when operating at 4.5 days of biomass retention time.
Maximum biomass productivity (3.5 g/L day) and lipid productivity (0.6 g/L day) was obtained with NaNO3 (Fig. 1c).
A 24-h continuous illumination helped obtain the maximum biomass productivity; however, periodical illumination in 8 16 L D cycle induced the highest utilisation of photons at approximately 1.0 g of biomass per mole of photons.
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Feng et al. studied the feasibility of C. zofingiensis outdoor cultivation in 60 L, 17 cm thick, flat plate photobioreactors in spring, without temperature control, obtaining maximum biomass productivities of 0.06 g L−1 d−1 (about 10 g m−2 of directly illuminated reactor surface d−1), although, in this study, the culture temperature never surpassed 40°C [ 31].
After 72 hours of fermentation, maximum biomass production (6.55 g/l) was obtained with the yield (0.17 g/g) and productivity (0.09 g/l/h).
In continuous mode, the maximum volumetric biomass productivity was 0.19 dry g L−1 day−1.
The reactor is operated in semicontinuous mode at different biomass concentrations, yielding a maximum mean biomass productivity of 0.3 g L−1 day−1.
The maximum daily biomass productivity, 0.55 g/L day, was reached in the tubular photobioreactor for an average irradiance inside the culture of 130 μE/m2s.
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