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In this formula, T is the calculated backoff time and Tmax defines the maximum backoff time that is allowed.
However, the backoff scheme of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [5] allows to backoff a message at most times which results in a maximum backoff time of at most 36.48 milliseconds (at 2.4 GHz).
For instance, in the case of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [12], the maximum backoff time is 27.4 ms and assuming a negligible propagation delay (usually less than 1 s), a packet duration of 1.8 ms (i.e., a 56-byte packet at a bitrate of 250 Kbps), and operating without ARQ, it follows that ms.
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Throughout the paper we indicate with the maximum transmission time which includes propagation delay, packet duration, maximum backoff, and time to receive an acknowledge (if an ARQ technique is used).
This takes about 7.2 ms, including data, ack and the maximum backoff duration of first backoff stage, and it wastes channel time for both ZigBee and Wi-Fi networks.
The average backoff time was assumed to be of 300 μs and the maximum propagation delay between two wireless stations was assumed to be of 1 μs (same assumptions made in [1]).
The algorithm yields the optimal association, the maximum achievable rate for each downlink flow as well as each AP's optimal average backoff time.
where p is the collision probability of the transmitted packet, and E[b i ] is the average backoff time in contention stage i, 0 ≤ i ≤ R. R is the maximum allowed retransmission stage.
In the first phase, the time gap between the arrivals of two packets is longer than the length of the maximum backoff period; and thus, the first packet is transmitted before the second packet arrives, although the backoff period of each packet is long.
A new adaptive backoff algorithm based on S-ALOHA using grey system was proposed, which calculates the backoff time adaptively according to the network condition.
In SIB-FS, each node exchanges the node's average service index with its neighbors as a parameter to determine the backoff time.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com