Simulation results of the power system showed that for a conventional gas engine-driven heat pump (GHP) system the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of the power system are 33% and 22%, respectively; compared with the conventional GHP system, the power system in the novel HPGHP system has superior performance with the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of 37% and 27%, respectively.
In addition, the calculation of surface HFD values are also performed using the temperature distributions that have been modeled using the maximum and minimum thermal conductivity and basal heat flow values.
The optimum parameters for fishpond were 30 m length, 16 m breadth, 1.25 m depth, 1.0 m water depth, 75° lining inclination, and 8 air changes per hour for maximum temperature gain, maximum thermal efficiency and minimum thermal load leveling.
As for the results of the modeling using the maximum and minimum formation thermal conductivities and basal heat flow values, we use them only in the validation procedure ("Synthetic results" section) as well as for calculating the maximum and minimum HFD ("Modeled surface heat flow density" section).
To explore the uncertainties in the resulting modeled temperature distribution, the numerical modeling is carried out three times; each one is based on the original, maximum, and minimum value of formation thermal conductivity and basal heat flow density.
Um, t is the voltage magnitude (p.u) of node m in the time period t. ( {P}_{m,t}^{L, pre} ) is the prediction load of node m in the time period t. ( {overline{P}}_{i,t}^F ) and ( {underline{P}}_{i,t}^F ) are maximum and minimum real power of thermal unit i in the time period t respectively.
We determined the critical thermal maximum and minimum (CTmax, CTmin) temperatures of toads from each population by manipulating the core body temperature of toads until they were unable to right themselves when placed on their backs.
where rmax,min denotes the activated maximum and minimum cavity radii, δt is the thermal layer thickness (which was assumed to be 0.1 mm in this paper), Tsat denotes the saturated temperature, and super indicates a superheated condition.
The results showed that the thermal resistance and ratio of maximum and minimum temperature difference for bottom wall of microchannel as well as the ratio of thermal resistance decrease by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction and decrement of λ.
The thermal efficiency takes two ends, maximum and minimum, which are 100% for th = 0 and 25% for t h = t max.
Considering that the maximum and minimum interior temperatures are key parameters to analyze the thermal performance of multi-layer glazed roof, the air convection process should be considered.
