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The length of each muscle was adjusted to maximize twitch force.
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The highest dosage of L-NMMA (10 micromol/min) reduced the average maximal twitch force to 15percentt and the isometric tetanic contractile forces to between 10 to 23percentt.
The muscle was adjusted to the optimal length (L0) at which maximal twitch force was achieved.
Thus, the maximal twitch force in response to isoproterenol was not significantly different between the two pH groups.
Subsequently, muscle length was adjusted to the length that resulted in maximal twitch force (i.e., optimal length for force generation).
The sarcomere length was set to 2.1 μm to ensure maximal active twitch force (Dou et al., 2008).
A pair of platinum electrodes was placed parallel to the diaphragm muscle strips or limb muscles, and supramaximal voltages were delivered with a pulse width of 1 ms. The lengths of the muscle samples were adjusted until the twitch force was maximized (optimal length), and kept at this length for the duration of the contractile study.
Compared to non-transfected muscle, twitch force (-12%) and maximal tetanic force (-30%) were reduced and time-to-peak-twitch force (+22%) and half-relaxation-time (+32%) were prolonged in control-transfected muscle (Table 1).
TPT, time to peak twitch force; HRT, half-relaxation time; PT/P0, twitch-to-tetanus ratio; P0, maximal tetanic force.
Effects on gross morphology, global cardiac function, and twitch force.
The EHTs showed a steep increase in twitch tension from 0.47 ± 0.02 to 0.91 ± 0.02 mN/mm2 as they were stretched at a constant rate (2.67% per min) from 86% to 100% of the length at which maximum twitch force was exerted.
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